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A ; ; (朝鮮語:공안 (kong'an)); (ベトナム語:công án)) is a story, dialogue, question, or statement, which is used in Zen practice to provoke the "great doubt" and test a student's progress in Zen practice. ==Etymology== The Japanese term ''kōan'' is the Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese word ''gong'an'' (). The term is a compound word, consisting of the characters 公 "public; official; governmental; common; collective; fair; equitable" and 案 "table; desk; (law) case; record; file; plan; proposal." According to the Yuan Dynasty Zen master Zhongfeng Mingben (中峰明本 1263–1323), ''gōng'àn'' originated as an abbreviation of ''gōngfǔ zhī àndú'' (公府之案牘, Japanese ''kōfu no antoku''—literally the ''andu'' "official correspondence; documents; files" of a ''gongfu'' "government post"), which referred to a "public record" or the "case records of a public law court" in Tang-dynasty China. ''Kōan/gong'an'' thus serves as a metaphor for principles of reality beyond the private opinion of one person, and a teacher may test the student's ability to recognize and understand that principle. Commentaries in kōan collections bear some similarity to judicial decisions that cite and sometimes modify precedents. An article by T. Griffith Foulk claims ''Gong'an'' was itself originally a metaphor—an article of furniture that came to denote legal precedents. For example, ''Di Gong'an'' (狄公案) is the original title of ''Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee'', the famous Chinese detective novel based on a historical Tang dynasty judge. Similarly, Zen kōan collections are public records of the notable sayings and actions of Zen disciples and masters attempting to pass on their teachings. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kōan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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